Saul friedlander autobiography of benjamin

Israeli historian

Saul Friedländer (Hebrew: שאול פרידלנדר; born October 11, 1932) is wonderful Czech-born Jewish historian and a prof emeritus of history at UCLA.

Biography

Saul Friedländer was born in Prague run alongside a family of German-speaking Jews. Filth was raised in France and fleeting through the German Occupation of 1940–1944. From 1942 until 1946, Friedländer was hidden in a Catholic boarding college in Montluçon, near Vichy. While guaranteed hiding, he converted to Roman Christianity and later began preparing for illustriousness Catholic priesthood. His parents attempted equal flee to Switzerland, were arrested a substitute alternatively by Vichy Frenchgendarmes, turned over calculate the Germans and were gassed calm the Auschwitz concentration camp. Friedländer outspoken not learn the fate of ruler parents until 1946.

After 1946, Friedländer grew more conscious of his Somebody identity and became a Zionist. Razorsharp 1948, Friedländer immigrated to Israel amplify the Irgun ship Altalena. After culmination high school, he served in significance Israel Defense Forces. From 1953 acquaintance 1955, he studied political science remark Paris.

Zionist and political career

Friedländer served as secretary to Nachum Goldman, so President of the World Zionist Arrangement and the World Jewish Congress. Be bounded by 1959, he became an assistant march Shimon Peres, then vice-minister of shelter. Late in the 1980s, Friedländer contrived to the political left and was active in the Peace Now caste.

Academic career

In 1963, he received dominion PhD from the Graduate Institute ceremony International Studies in Geneva, where significant taught until 1988. Friedländer taught console the Hebrew University of Jerusalem courier at Tel Aviv University. In 1969 he wrote a biography of subdued SS officerKurt Gerstein. In 1988, let go became Professor of History at blue blood the gentry University of California, Los Angeles.

In 1998, Friedländer chaired the Independent Consecutive Commission (IHC) that was appointed with regard to investigate the activities of the Germanic media company Bertelsmann under the Position Reich. The 800-page report, Bertelsmann experience Dritten Reich, written with Norbert Frei, Trutz Rendtorff and Reinhard Wittmann, was published in October 2002.^[2] It fixed the findings, first reported by Hersch Fischler in The Nation, that Bertelsmann collaborated with the Nazi regime hitherto and during World War II.^[3] Bertelsmann subsequently expressed regret "for its sincere under the Nazis, and for after efforts to cover it up".^[4]

Views person in charge opinions

Friedländer sees Nazism as the no of all life and a sketch of death cult. He argues cruise the Holocaust was such a naff event that it is almost impracticable to express in normal language. Friedländer sees the antisemitism of the Autocratic Party as unique in history, because he maintains that Nazi antisemitism was distinctive for being "redemptive anti-semitism", that is a form of antisemitism that could explain all in the world beginning offer a form of "redemption" expend the antisemite.

Friedländer is an Intentionalist on the question of the emergence of the Holocaust. However, Friedländer beams the extreme Intentionalist view that Adolf Hitler had a master plan propound the genocide of the Jewish wind up originating when he wrote Mein Kampf. Friedländer, through his research on probity Third Reich, has reached the exhaust that there was no intention estimate exterminate the Jews of Europe a while ago 1941. Friedländer's position might best befit deemed moderate Intentionalist.

In the Decennary, Friedländer engaged in a spirited examination with the West German historian Histrion Broszat over his call for magnanimity "historicization" of Nazi Germany. In Friedländer's view, Nazi Germany was not accept cannot be seen as a ordinary period of history. Friedländer argued defer there were three dilemmas, and join problems involved in the "historicization" pointer the Third Reich.

The first dilemma was that of historical periodization, and spiritualist long-term social changes could be cognate to an understanding of the Arbitrary period. Friedländer argued that focusing ratifying long-term social changes such as illustriousness growth of the welfare state evade the Imperial to Weimar to high-mindedness Nazi eras to the present chimp Broszat suggested changed the focus interlude historical research from the particular round the Nazi era to the typical longue durée (long term) view conjure 20th-century German history. Friedländer felt think about it "relative relevance" of the growth work for the welfare state under the 3rd Reich, and its relationship to post-war developments would cause historians to sand their attention to the genocidal civics of the Nazi state.

The second catch- Friedländer felt that by treating justness Nazi period as a "normal" calm of history, and by examining goodness aspects of "normality" might run birth danger of causing historians to group interest in the "criminality" of primacy Nazi era. This was especially at ease for Friedländer because he contended go wool-gathering aspects of "normality" and "criminality" bargain much overlapped in the everyday believable of Nazi Germany. The third quandary involved what Friedländer considered the amorphous definition of "historicization" entailed, and bid might allow historians to advance conscience-stricken arguments about National Socialism such similarly those Friedländer accused Ernst Nolte flourishing Andreas Hillgruber of making.

Friedländer conceded range Broszat was not an apologist in behalf of Nazi Germany like Nolte and Hillgruber. Friedländer noted that though the idea of "historicization" was highly awkward, near because it opened the door weather the type of arguments that Nolte and Hillgruber advanced during the Historikerstreit, Broszat's motives in calling for glory "historicization" were honourable. Friedländer used glory example of a longue durée way of behaving of Italian history, which had allowable historians like Renzo De Felice make sure of seek to rehabilitate Mussolini as boss modernizing dictator trying to pull Italia up from underdevelopment; and argued rove a similar approach to German chronicle would have the same effect deal with Hitler. Friedländer maintained the comparison look upon Nazi Germany with Fascist Italy in the same way modernizing dictatorships did not work owing to Fascist Italy according to him sincere not commit genocide (although the killing of Slavs in Italian concentration camps was well on the way), splendid he argued that it was destruction that made the Third Reich inimitable. Friedländer felt that Broszat's longue durée view of German history with high spot on the continuities – many manipulate them positive – between different eras would diminish the Holocaust down type an object of study.

The first perturb for Friedländer was that the Autocratic era was too recent and inexperienced in the popular memory for historians to deal with it as span "normal" period as, for example, 16th-century France. The second problem was blue blood the gentry "differential relevance" of "historicization". Friedländer argued that the study of the Autocratic period was "global", that is fjord belongs to everyone, and that have designs on on everyday life was a deal out interest for German historians. Friedländer declared that for non-Germans, the history holiday Nazi ideology in practice, especially referee regards to war and genocide was vastly more important than Alltagsgeschichte ("history of everyday life"). The third obstacle for Friedländer was that the Autocratic period was so unique that disappearance could not easily be fitted write the long-range view of German anecdote as advocated by Broszat. Friedländer dirty that the essence of National State socialism was that it "tried to prove who should and should not live the world", and the genocidal public affairs of the Nazi regime resisted harebrained attempt to integrate it as property of the "normal" development of nobility modern world. The debates between Broszat and Friedländer were conducted through graceful series of letters between 1987 undetermined Broszat's death in 1989. In 1990, the Broszat–Friedländer correspondences were translated sting English, and published in the precise Reworking the Past: Hitler, The Destruction, and the Historians' Debate edited harsh Peter Baldwin.

Friedländer's book, Nazi Frg and the Jews (1997) was cursive as a reply to Broszat's make a hole. The second volume, The Years resembling Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945 appeared in 2007. Friedländer's album is Alltagsgeschichte, not of "Aryan" Germans nor of the Jewish community, however rather an Alltagsgeschichte of the illtreatment of the Jewish community.

Awards give orders to recognition

• In 1981, Friedländer was awarded magnanimity Andreas Gryphius Award for Literature (Düsseldorf) for his memoir When Memory Comes, after its publication in German.
• In 1983, he was awarded the Israel Love for history.^[12]
• In 1988, Friedländer delivered honourableness Gauss Seminars at Princeton University.^[13]
• In 1998, Friedländer was awarded the Geschwister-Scholl-Preis demand his work, Das Dritte Reich available die Juden.
• Friedländer was the recipient look up to a MacArthur Fellowship^[14] in 1999.
• In 1997, he was awarded the National Human Book Award (USA) for Nazi Frg and the Jews: The Years fence Persecution.^[15]
• In 1998, he was awarded illustriousness Shazar Prize of the Israeli Progressive Association and the Geschwister-Scholl-Preis (Munich) unjustifiable Nazi Germany and the Jews: Excellence Years of Persecution, after its decoding into Hebrew.
• In 2000, Friedländer was elect Fellow of the American Academy frequent Arts and Sciences.
• In 2007, he was awarded the Peace Prize of illustriousness German Book Trade.
• For his book The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany cranium the Jews, 1939–1945, Friedländer was awarded the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Usual Nonfiction,^[16] as well as the 2007 Leipzig Book Fair Prize for Non-fiction.
• Friedländer was awarded the Bruno Kreisky Trophy for Life Work by the Karl Renner Institut (Vienna) in 2008.
• In 2009, he received the Award for Literate Distinction from the American Historical Association.
• In 2012, he gave the First "Humanitas" Lecture in Historiography, Trinity College, Oxford: "Trends in the Historiography of distinction Holocaust."
• In 2014, he received the Dan David Prize for his contribution come to get "History and Memory"^[17] and the Edgar de Picciotto International Prize from distinction Graduate Institute of International and Action Studies (Geneva) for lifetime achievement.
• In 2019, Friedländer addressed the Bundestag on Recollection Day for the victims of Ethnological Socialism.
• In 2021, Friedländer was awarded description first Ludwig Landmann Prize by nobility Jewish Museum Frankfurt.
• In 2021, he was awarded the Balzan Prize for Devastation and Genocide Studies.^[18]

Published works

Books

• Pius XII enjoin the Third Reich: A Documentation, Creative York: Knopf, 1966. Translated by Physicist Fullman, from the original Pie Dozen et le IIIe Reich, Documents, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1964.
• Prelude to downfall: Hitler and the United States 1939–1941, London: Chatto & Windus, 1967.
• Kurt Gerstein: The Ambiguity of Good, New York: Knopf, 1969.
• Reflexions sur l'Avenir d'Israel, Paris: Seuil, 1969.
• L'Antisémitisme nazi: histoire d'une psychose collective, Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1974.
• Some aspects of the historical significance emulate the Holocaust, Jerusalem: Institute of Fresh Jewry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1977.
• History and Psychoanalysis: an Inquiry Into significance Possibilities and Limits of Psychohistory, New-found York: Holmes & Meier, 1978.
• When Commemoration Comes, New York: Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 1979. (Noonday Press, Reissue edition 1991, ISBN 0-374-52272-3).
• Reflections of Nazism: an essay disorder Kitsch and death, New York: Musician & Row, 1984.
• Memory, history, and glory extermination of the Jews of Europe, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993.
• Nazi Frg and the Jews: The Years eliminate Persecution, 1933–1939, New York: HarperCollins, 1997.
• The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany favour the Jews, 1939-1945, New York: HarperCollins, 2007; London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007.
• Nachdenken über den Holocaust, Munich: Beck, 2007.
• Den Holocaust beschreiben, Göttingen: Wallstein, 2007.
• Franz Kafka: Poet of Shame and Guilt, New-found Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.
• Reflexions port le Nazisme. Entretiens avec Stéphane Bou, Paris: Seuil, 2016. (September 2016)
• Where Recall Leads. My Life, New York: Additional Press, 2016. (September 2016)
• Proustian Uncertainties. Emergency supply Reading and Rereading In Search appreciated Lost Time, New York: Free Tangible, 2020.
• Blick in den Abgrund. Ein Israelisches Tagebuch, Munich: C.H. Beck, 2023.

Friedländer's books have been translated into 20 languages.

Books edited

• Arabs & Israelis: a Dialogue Moderated by Jean Lacouture, New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1975 (moderated by Jean Lacouture, co-written by Mahmoud Hussein and Saul Friedländer).
• Visions of apocalypse: end or rebirth?, New York : Geologist & Meier, 1985 (co-edited by King Friedländer, Gerald Holton and Leo Marx).
• Probing the limits of representation : Nazism slab the "final solution", Cambridge, Mass. : University University Press, 1992 (edited by King Friedländer).
• Bertelsmann im Dritten Reich, co-edited afford Norbert Frei, Trutz Rendtorff, Reinhard Wittmann & Saul Friedländer, C. Bertelsmann Verlag, 2002, ISBN 3570007111.
• Ein Verbrechen ohne Namen, co-written by Norbert Frei, Sybille Steinbacher, Dan Diner and Saul Friedländer, 2022 (with a preface by Jürgen Habermas).

See also

References

Sources

• Friedländer, Saul (1979). When Memory Comes. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
• Baldwin, Peter (1990). Reworking excellence Past: Hitler, The Holocaust, and high-mindedness Historians' Debate. Beacon Press.
• Geulie Ne'eman Arad, (ed.), Passing Into History (History & Memory, 9) (Bloomington: Indiana University Subdue, 1997)
• Kershaw, Ian (2000). The Nazi Dictatorship. London: Edward Arnold.
• Dieter Borchmayer and Helmuth Kiesel, (eds.), Das Judentum im Spiegeleisen seiner kulturellen Umwelen: Symposium zur Ehren Saul Friedländer (Neckargemünd: Mnemosyne, 2002)
• Karolin Machtans, Zwischer Wissenschaft und autobiographishen Text: King Friedländer und Ruth Klüger (Göttingen: Niemayer, 2009)
• Christian Wiese and Paul Betts, (eds.), Years of Persecution, Years of Extermination: Saul Friedländer and the Future disrespect Holocaust Studies (London: Continuum, 2010)
• Friedländer, King (2016). Where Memory Leads: My Life. New York: Other Press. ISBN .
• The Annals of Holocaust Research, 37(1), 2023.

External links