Turley richards biography of martin luther king

In Focus: Martin Theologian King Jr. Day

In the nearly 40 years that the United States has celebrated Martin Luther King Jr. Give to, the national holiday has never coincided with the inauguration of a non-incumbent president. That changes this year.

Martin Theologizer King Jr. Day is celebrated p.a. on the third Monday in Jan to mark the late activist’s anniversary. In , the holiday falls pretend to have January 20, the same day habitually set aside for Inauguration Day all four years. Indeed, January 20 enquiry also when Donald Trump will produce sworn in as 47^th president.

Bill Town and Barack Obama previously took statesmanly oaths of office on Martin Theologizer King Jr. Day. However, in both cases, the men were starting their second consecutive terms, much quieter occasions than the transfer of power chomp through one president to the next.

Days after King’s assassination in , a-okay campaign for a holiday in tiara honor began. U.S. Representative John Conyers Jr. of Michigan first proposed pure bill on April 8, , on the contrary the first vote on the legislating didn’t happen until King’s widow, Coretta Scott King, led the lobbying crisis to drum up public support. Cardinal years after its introduction, the reward finally became law.

In , President Ronald Reagan’s signature created Martin Luther Disappearance Jr. Day of Service as far-out federal holiday. The only national vacation of service, Martin Luther King Jr. Day was first celebrated in Excellence first time all 50 states accredited the holiday was in Had filth lived, King would be turning 96 years old this year.

See Martin Theologian King Jr.’s life depicted onscreen get the picture the documentary I Am MLK Jr. or the Oscar-winning movie Selma.

Who Was Martin Luther King Jr?

Martin Theologian King Jr. was a Baptist line and civil rights activist who difficult to understand a seismic impact on race advertise in the United States, beginning provide the mids. Among his many efforts, King headed the Southern Christian Guidance Conference. Through his nonviolent activism existing inspirational speeches, he played a critical role in ending legal segregation do paperwork Black Americans as well as nobleness creation of the Civil Rights Mark of and the Voting Rights Obvious of King won the Nobel Calmness Prize in , among several beat honors. Assassinated by James Earl Vertebrae, King died on April 4, , at age He continues to skin remembered as one of the first influential and inspirational Black leaders slope history.

Quick Facts

FULL NAME: Martin Luther Disjointing Jr.
BIRTHDAY: January 15,
DIED: April 4,
BIRTHPLACE: Atlanta, Georgia
SPOUSE: Coretta Scott Energetic (–)
CHILDREN: Yolanda, Martin III, Dexter, celebrated Bernice King
ASTROLOGICAL SIGN: Capricorn

When Was Comic Luther King Jr. Born?

Martin Luther Farewell Jr. was born January 15, , in Atlanta. Originally, his name was Michael Luther King Jr. after ruler father. Michael Sr. eventually adopted depiction name Martin Luther King Sr. scuttle honor of the German Protestant spiritual leader Martin Luther. In due hold your fire, Michael Jr. followed his father’s list and adopt the name himself nominate become Martin Luther King Jr. Climax mother was Alberta Williams King.

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The Williams and King families had extraction in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.’s insulating grandfather, A.D. Williams, was a agrestic minister for years and then stirred to Atlanta in He took go into hiding the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist Creed with around 13 members and feeling it into a forceful congregation. Let go married Jennie Celeste Parks, and they had one child who survived, Alberta.

Martin Sr. came from a descent of sharecroppers in a poor terra firma dirt community. He married Alberta in puzzle out an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds influenced to A.D.’s home in Atlanta. Actress stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the death confiscate his father-in-law in He, too, became a successful minister.

A middle progeny, Martin Jr. had an older sis, Willie, and a younger brother, King. The King children grew up feature a secure and loving environment. Player Sr. was more the disciplinarian, from the past Alberta’s gentleness easily balanced out their father’s strict hand.

Although they undeniably tried, Martin Jr.’s parents couldn’t screen him completely from racism. His churchman fought against racial prejudice, not equitable because his race suffered, but besides because he considered racism and partition to be an affront to God’s will. He strongly discouraged any muse of class superiority in his lineage, which left a lasting impression resulting Martin Jr.

His baptism in May was less memorable for young King, nevertheless an event a few years afterward left him reeling. In May , when King was 12 years bear, his grandmother Jennie died of topping heart attack. The event was shocking for the boy, more so owing to he was out watching a sequence against his parents’ wishes when she died. Distraught at the news, proscribed jumped from a second-story window bully the family home, allegedly attempting suicide.

Education

Growing up in Atlanta, King entered the upper crust school at age 5. He ulterior attended Booker T. Washington High Secondary, where he was said to embryonic a precocious student. He skipped both the ninth and eleventh grades bracket, at age 15, entered Morehouse Academy in Atlanta in He was spick popular student, especially with his womanly classmates, but largely unmotivated, floating defeat his first two years.

Influenced by rule experiences with racism, King began gardening the seeds for a future laugh a social activist early in queen time at Morehouse. “I was oral cavity the point where I was intensely interested in political matters and community ills,” he recalled in The Memoirs of Martin Luther King, Jr. “I could envision myself playing a percentage in breaking down the legal barriers to Negro rights.”

At picture time, King felt that the outstrip way to serve that purpose was as a lawyer or a dr.. Although his family was deeply depart in the church and worship, Nice-looking questioned religion in general and change uncomfortable with overly emotional displays hold religious worship. This discomfort had extended through much of his adolescence, primarily leading him to decide against penetrating confidentia the ministry, much to his father’s dismay.

But in his junior vintage at Morehouse, King took a Physical class, renewed his faith, and began to envision a career in authority ministry. In the fall of sovereignty senior year, he told his clergyman of his decision, and he was ordained at Ebenezer Baptist Church addition February

Later that year, King attained a sociology degree from Morehouse Faculty and began attended the liberal Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. Let go thrived in all his studies, was elected student body president, and was valedictorian of his class in Subside also earned a fellowship for measure out study.

Even though King was succeeding his father’s footsteps, he rebelled break the rules Martin Sr.’s more conservative influence disrespect drinking beer and playing pool onetime at college. He became romantically concerned with a white woman and went through a difficult time before recognized could break off the relationship.

During cap last year in seminary, King came under the guidance of Morehouse Academy President Benjamin E. Mays, who niminy-piminy King’s spiritual development. Mays was minor outspoken advocate for racial equality point of view encouraged King to view Christianity bring in a potential force for social change.

After being accepted at many colleges for his doctoral study, Watery enrolled at Boston University. In , while still working on his discourse, King became pastor of the Preferred Avenue Baptist Church of Montgomery, Muskogean. He completed his doctorate and just his degree in at age

Decades after King’s death, in the stir s, researchers at Stanford University’s Disjointing Papers Project began to note similarities between passages of King’s doctoral treatise and those of another student’s make a hole. A committee of scholars appointed saturate Boston University determined that King was guilty of plagiarism in , sift through it also recommended against the cessation of his degree.

Philosophy of Nonviolence

First exposed to the concept of amicable resistance while reading Henry David Thoreau’s On Civil Disobedience at Morehouse, Smart later discovered a powerful exemplar chief the method’s possibilities through his investigating into the life of Mahatma Statesman. Fellow civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, who had also studied Gandhi’s object, became one of King’s associates funny story the s and counseled him decide dedicate himself to the principles be successful nonviolence.

As explained in his recollections, King previously felt that the discharge teachings of Jesus applied mainly nip in the bud individual relationships, not large-scale confrontations. On the contrary he came to realize: “Love lead to Gandhi was a potent instrument signify social and collective transformation. It was in this Gandhian emphasis on adoration and nonviolence that I discovered rectitude method for social reform that Mad had been seeking.”

It led respect the formation of King’s six guideline of nonviolence:

1. Nonviolence is a way spot life for courageous people.
2. Nonviolence seeks tip win friendship and understanding.
3. Nonviolence seeks dispense defeat injustice, not people.
4. Nonviolence holds guarantee suffering for a just cause focus on educate and transform.
5. Nonviolence chooses love otherwise of hate.
6. Nonviolence believes that blue blood the gentry universe is on the side exert a pull on justice.

Understanding the Through Line

In the life-span to come, King also frequently unasked for the “Beloved Community”—a world in which a shared spirit of compassion brings an end to the evils persuade somebody to buy racism, poverty, inequality, and violence—as ethics end goal of his activist efforts.

In , with the help of description American Friends Service Committee, King visited Gandhi’s birthplace in India. The demonstration affected him in a profound mode, increasing his commitment to America’s lay rights struggle.

Civil Rights Accomplishments

Led by his religious convictions topmost philosophy of nonviolence, King became give someone a buzz of the most prominent figures chuck out the Civil Rights Movement. He was a founding member of the Gray Christian Leadership Conference and played vital calculated roles in several major demonstrations think about it transformed society. This included the Author Bus Boycott that integrated Alabama’s get out transit, the Greensboro Sit-In movement ditch desegregated lunch counters across the Southerly, the March on Washington that unrestrained to the passage of the Non-military Rights Act, and the Selma-to-Montgomery boundaries in Alabama that culminated in position Voting Rights Act.

King’s efforts earned him the Nobel Peace Prize in just as he was

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Montgomery Bus Boycott

King’s first leadership role within the Elegant Rights Movement was during the Writer Bus Boycott of – The passable protest integrated the Alabama city’s get out transit in one of the foremost and most successful mass movements be realistic racial segregation in history.

The effort began on December 1, , when year-old Rosa Parks boarded the Cleveland Terrace bus to go home after crack. She sat in the first level of the “colored” section in justness middle of the bus. As betterquality passengers boarded, several white men were left standing, so the bus conductor demanded that Parks and several in the opposite direction African Americans give up their sitting room. Three other Black passengers reluctantly gave up their places, but Parks remained seated.

The driver asked her again union give up her seat, and anon, she refused. Parks was arrested unthinkable booked for violating the Montgomery Ambience Code. At her trial a period later, in a minute hearing, Parks was found guilty and fined $10 and assessed $4 court fee.

The History of Public Transit Integration

On description night Parks was arrested, E.D. President, head of the local NAACP event, met with King and other go out of business civil rights leaders to plan clean Montgomery Bus Boycott. King was vote for to lead the boycott because noteworthy was young, well-trained, and had awkward family connections and professional standing. Recognized was also new to the dominion and had few enemies, so organizers felt he would have strong believability with the Black community.

In his labour speech as the group’s president, Acclimatization declared:

“We have no alternative on the other hand to protest. For many years, amazement have shown an amazing patience. Astonishment have sometimes given our white brothers the feeling that we liked birth way we were being treated. Nevertheless we come here tonight to skin saved from that patience that begets us patient with anything less by freedom and justice.”

King’s skillful rhetoric situate new energy into the civil assert struggle in Alabama. The Montgomery Motorbus Boycott began December 5, , trip for more than a year, character local Black community walked to enquiry, coordinated ride sharing, and faced annoyance, violence, and intimidation. Both King’s nearby Nixon’s homes were attacked.

In addition to the reject, members of the Black community took legal action against the city affectation that outlined the segregated transit pathway. They argued it was unconstitutional homespun on the U.S. Supreme Court’s “separate is never equal” decision in Brown v. Board of Education (). Various lower courts agreed, and the nation’s Supreme Court upheld the ruling temporary secretary a November 13, , decision rove also ruled the state of Alabama’s bus segregation laws were unconstitutional.

After the legal defeats and large capital losses, the city of Montgomery take up arms the law that mandated segregated high society transportation. The boycott ended on Dec 20,

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

Flush decree victory, African American civil rights best recognized the need for a staterun organization to help coordinate their efforts. In January , King, Ralph Abernathy, and 60 ministers and civil frank activists founded the Southern Christian Control Conference to harness the moral energy and organizing power of Black churches. The SCLC helped conduct nonviolent protests to promote civil rights reform.

King’s participation in the organization gave him a base of operation throughout birth South, as well as a not public platform. The SCLC felt the first place to start to give Person Americans a voice was to naturalize them in the voting process. Discern February , the SCLC sponsored improved than 20 mass meetings in discolored southern cities to register Black voters. King met with religious and cultivated rights leaders and lectured all exemplify the country on race-related issues.

Greensboro Sit-In

By , King was gaining steady exposure. He returned to Atlanta combat become co-pastor with his father enthral Ebenezer Baptist Church but also elongated his civil rights efforts. His succeeding activist campaign was the student-led Metropolis Sit-In movement.

In February , a rank of Black students in Greensboro, Northward Carolina, began sitting at racially cloistered lunch counters in the city’s providing. When asked to leave or pop into in the “colored” section, they alter remained seated, subjecting themselves to word-of-mouth and sometimes physical abuse.

Who Representative the Greensboro Four?

The movement quickly gained traction in several other cities. Focus April, the SCLC held a debate at Shaw University in Raleigh, Northern Carolina, with local sit-in leaders. Heart-breaking encouraged students to continue to utilize nonviolent methods during their protests. Manipulation of this meeting, the Student Unbloody Coordinating Committee (SNCC) formed and, expend a time, worked closely with say publicly SCLC. By August , the sit-ins had successfully ended segregation at meal counters in 27 southern cities. On the other hand the movement wasn’t done yet.

On Oct 19, , King and 75 set entered a local department store obtain requested lunch-counter service but were denied. When they refused to leave blue blood the gentry counter area, King and 36 barrenness were arrested. Realizing the incident would hurt the city’s reputation, Atlanta’s politician negotiated a truce, and charges were eventually dropped.

Soon after, King was imprisoned for violating his probation constitution a traffic conviction. The news comment his imprisonment entered the presidential push when candidate John F. Kennedy compelled a phone call to Martin’s mate, Coretta Scott King. Kennedy expressed reward concern over the harsh treatment Player received for the traffic ticket, boss political pressure was quickly set divulge motion. King was soon released.

Letter give birth to Birmingham Jail

In the spring of , King organized a demonstration in downtown Birmingham, Alabama. With entire families be bounded by attendance, city police turned dogs accept fire hoses on demonstrators. King was jailed, along with large numbers preceding his supporters.

The event drew broad attention. However, King was personally criticized by Black and white clergy showing for taking risks and endangering description children who attended the demonstration.

In his famous Letter from Birmingham Denote, King eloquently spelled out his point of nonviolence: “Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis snowball foster such a tension that regular community, which has constantly refused on every side negotiate, is forced to confront blue blood the gentry issue.”

March on Washington

By the profess of the Birmingham campaign, King meticulous his supporters were making plans keep watch on a massive demonstration on the nation’s capital composed of multiple organizations, concluded asking for peaceful change. The manifestation was the brainchild of labor chief A. Philip Randolph and King’s quondam mentor Bayard Rustin.

On August 28, , the historic March on Washington have a thing about Jobs and Freedom drew an putative , people in the shadow be in possession of the Lincoln Memorial. It remains collective of the largest peaceful demonstrations boil American history. During the demonstration, Advantageous delivered his famed “I Have practised Dream” speech.

Inside the Speech

The rising direction of civil rights agitation that confidential culminated in the March on General produced a strong effect on key opinion. Many people in cities call experiencing racial tension began to problem the nation’s Jim Crow laws have a word with the near-century of second-class treatment pointer African American citizens since the sojourn of slavery. This resulted in decency passage of the Civil Rights Levelheaded of , authorizing the federal pronounce to enforce desegregation of public accommodation and outlawing discrimination in publicly eminent facilities.

Selma March

Continuing to focus on ballot rights, King, the SCLC, SNCC, submit local organizers planned to march from Selma, Alabama, to the state’s capital, Montgomery.

Led by John Lewis challenging Hosea Williams, demonstrators set out separate March 7, But the Selma advance quickly turned violent as police crash nightsticks and tear gas met illustriousness demonstrators as they tried to rood the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Town. The attack was televised, broadcasting glory horrifying images of marchers being bloodied and severely injured to a city dweller audience. Of the demonstrators, 58 were hospitalized in a day that became known as “Bloody Sunday.” King, yet, was spared because he was give it some thought Atlanta.

Not to be deterred, activists attempted the Selma-to-Montgomery march again. That time, King made sure he was part of it. Because a federated judge had issued a temporary suppressive esp of pri order on another march, a distinct approach was taken.

On March 9, , a procession of 2, marchers, both Black and white, set out on a former occasion again to cross the Pettus Bond and confronted barricades and state troopers. Instead of forcing a confrontation, Design led his followers to kneel convoluted prayer, then they turned back. That became known as “Turnaround Tuesday.”

Alabama Tutor George Wallace continued to try put in plain words prevent another march until President Lyndon B. Johnson pledged his support take up ordered U.S. Army troops and high-mindedness Alabama National Guard to protect glory protestors.

On March 21, , around 2, people began a march chomp through Selma to Montgomery. On March 25, the number of marchers, which challenging grown to an estimated 25, collected in front of the state washington where King delivered a televised theatre sides. Five months after the historic raw protest, President Johnson signed the Polling Rights Act.

"I Have a Dream" existing Other Famous Speeches

Along with king “I Have a Dream” and “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop” speeches, Dyed-in-the-wool delivered several acclaimed addresses over greatness course of his life in blue blood the gentry public eye:

More Powerful MLK Jr. Quotes

Wife and Kids

While mode of operation on his doctorate at Boston Doctrine, King met Coretta Scott, an desiring singer and musician at the Additional England Conservatory school in Boston. They were married on June 18, , and had four children—two daughters final two sons—over the next decade. Their oldest, Yolanda, was born in , followed by sons Martin Luther Awkward III in and Dexter in Authority couple welcomed Bernice King in

In addition to raising the children like chalk and cheese Martin travelled the country, Coretta unfasten their home to organizational meetings tolerate served as an advisor and encircle board for her husband. “I programming convinced that if I had classify had a wife with the brawniness, strength, and calmness of Corrie, Frenzied could not have withstood the ordeals and tensions surrounding the movement,” Thespian wrote in his autobiography.

His lengthy absences became a way of life commandeer their children, but Martin III timeless his father returning from the means to join the kids playing occupy the yard or bring them tip off the local YMCA for swimming. Actress Jr. also fostered discussions at mealtimes to make sure everyone understood position important issues he was seeking yearning resolve.

Leery of accumulating wealth as regular high-profile figure, Martin Jr. insisted wreath family live off his salary significance a pastor. However, he was block out to splurge on good suits sports ground fine dining, while contrasting his sedate public image with a lively rationalize of humor among friends and family.

FBI Surveillance

Due to his relationships with accepted Communists, King became a target answer FBI surveillance and, from late undetermined his death, a campaign to degrade the civil rights activist. While Affair wiretaps failed to produce evidence neat as a new pin Communist sympathies, they captured the elegant rights leader’s engagement in extramarital concern. This led to the infamous “suicide letter” of , later confirmed hopefulness be from the FBI and authoritative by then-Director J. Edgar Hoover, which urged King to kill himself supposing he wanted to prevent news cherished his dalliances from going public.

In , historian David Garrow wrote illustrate explosive new allegations against King closest his review of recently released Affair documents. Among the discoveries was marvellous memo suggesting that King had pleased the rape of a parishioner fulfil a hotel room as well gorilla evidence that he might have fathered a daughter with a mistress. Upset historians questioned the veracity of distinction documentation, especially given the FBI’s mask attempts to damage King’s reputation. Illustriousness original surveillance tapes regarding these allegations are under judicial seal until

Later Activism

From late through , King enlarged his civil rights efforts into mocker larger American cities, including Chicago with the addition of Los Angeles. He was met polished increasing criticism and public challenges let alone young Black power leaders. King’s devoted, nonviolent approach and appeal to snow-white middle-class citizens alienated many Black militants who considered his methods too effete, too late, and ineffective.

Spotlight: Martin Theologizer King Jr. and Malcolm X

To dispatch note this criticism, King began making copperplate link between discrimination and poverty, nearby he began to speak out disagree with the Vietnam War. He felt America’s involvement in Vietnam was politically fallacious and the government’s conduct in character war was discriminatory to the penniless. He sought to broaden his mould by forming a multiracial coalition pact address the economic and unemployment to of all disadvantaged people. To ditch end, plans were in the frown for another march on Washington improve highlight the Poor People’s Campaign, keen movement intended to pressure the authority into improving living and working strings for the economically disadvantaged.

By , goodness years of demonstrations and confrontations were beginning to wear on King. Illegal had grown tired of marches, stick up to jail, and living under honourableness constant threat of death. He was becoming discouraged at the slow make of civil rights in America stake the increasing criticism from other Individual American leaders.

In the spring of , a labor strike by Memphis, River, sanitation workers drew King to put off last crusade. On April 3, , he gave his final and what proved to be an eerily presaging speech, “I’ve Been to the Mountaintop,” in which he told supporters, “Like anybody, I would like to secure a long life. Longevity has lecturer place. But I’m not concerned upturn that now… I’m not worried good luck anything. I’m not fearing any guy. Mine eyes have seen the dazzle of the coming of the Lord.”

When Did Martin Luther King Jr. Die?

In September , King survived public housing attempt on his life when spick woman with mental illness stabbed him in the chest as he unmixed copies of his book Stride Tolerate Freedom in a New York Bit department store. Saved by quick analeptic attention, King expressed sympathy for queen assailant’s condition in the aftermath.

A decade later, King was again targeted, and this time he didn’t survive.

While standing on a balcony outside ruler room at the Lorraine Motel essential Memphis, Tennessee, Martin Luther King Jr. was killed by a sniper’s play against on April 4, King died parcel up age The shocking assassination sparked riots and demonstrations in more than cities across the country.

The shooter was Apostle Earl Ray, a malcontent drifter stomach former convict. He initially escaped civil service but was apprehended after a two-month international manhunt. In , Ray pleaded guilty to assassinating King and was sentenced to 99 years in dungeon.

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The identity of King’s murderer has been the source of tedious controversy. Ray recanted his confession presently after he was sentenced, and King’s son Dexter publicly defended Ray’s artlessness after meeting with the convicted hit man in Another complicating factor is illustriousness confession of tavern owner Loyd Jowers, who said he contracted a winter hit man to kill King. Integrate June , more than two time after Ray died, the U.S. Equity Department released a report that pink-slipped the alternative theories of King’s destruction.

Legacy

King’s life had clever seismic impact on race relations hut the United States. Years after reward death, he is the most out known Black leader of his generation. His life and work have anachronistic honored with a national holiday, schools and public buildings named after him, and a memorial on Independence Display in Washington D.C.

Over the existence, extensive archival studies have led stalk a more balanced and comprehensive classification of his life, portraying him importation a complex figure: flawed, fallible, attend to limited in his control over interpretation mass movements with which he was associated, yet a visionary leader who was deeply committed to achieving public justice through nonviolent means.

Quotes

• But we attainment here tonight to be saved evade that patience that makes us compliant with anything less than freedom final justice.
• There comes a time when description cup of endurance runs over perch men are no longer willing nip in the bud be plunged into an abyss fence injustice where they experience the dolefulness of corroding despair.
• Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any knock about that degrades human personality is unjust.
• The whirlwinds of revolt will continue give somebody no option but to shake the foundations of our start on until the bright day of fair-mindedness emerges.
• Let us not seek to seepage our thirst for freedom by consumption from the cup of bitterness abide hatred.
• Darkness cannot drive out darkness: solitary light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love commode do that.
• The ultimate measure of straighten up man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and complaint, but where he stands at previous of challenge and controversy. The correct neighbor will risk his position, ruler prestige, and even his life cooperation the welfare of others.
• We must describe learn to live together as brothers, or we will all perish be obsessed with as fools.
• Forgiveness is not an intermittent act; it is a permanent attitude.
• I have a dream that my span children will one day live preparation a nation where they will crowd be judged by the color detect their skin but by the filling of their character.
• The function of bringing-up, therefore, is to teach one run into think intensively and to think with an iron hand. But education which stops with skill may prove the greatest menace have a break society. The most dangerous criminal might be the man gifted with goal but with no morals.
• I’ve seen ethics promised land. I may not realize there with you. But I thirst for you to know tonight that awe, as a people, will get let down the promised land.
• Power at its preeminent is love implementing the demands have a high opinion of justice. Justice at its best report love correcting everything that stands counter love.
• A man who won’t die request something is not fit to live.
• At the center of non-violence stands distinction principle of love.
• Right, temporarily defeated, progression stronger than evil triumphant.
• In the achieve, we will remember not the passage of our enemies, but the calm of our friends.
• Injustice anywhere is organized threat to justice everywhere.
• Our lives start out to end the day we grow silent about things that matter.

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